Understand the 7 basic symbols used in the Roman numeral system
Apply the rules of repetition, addition, and subtraction correctly
Convert Hindu-Arabic numbers to Roman numerals and vice versa
Identify common mistakes and avoid them
Recognise Roman numerals in real-life situations (clocks, monuments, books)
Introduction — The Story of Roman Numerals
Thousands of years ago, the ancient Romans needed a way to count and record numbers. They did not use the digits 0, 1, 2, 3... like we do today. Instead, they created a system using letters of the alphabet to represent numbers. This system is called the Roman Numeral System.
Even though we now use the Hindu-Arabic numeral system (0–9) for most calculations, Roman numerals are still used in many places around the world — and in India too!
Where Do We See Roman Numerals Today?
Clock faces: Many wall clocks use Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV... XII) instead of 1–12
Book chapters: Chapter I, Chapter II, Chapter III...
Movie and game sequels: Baahubali II, KGF Chapter II, GTA V
Monuments and buildings: India Gate has the year MCMXXXI (1931) inscribed on it
Olympic Games: The Olympic Games use Roman numerals (XXXIII = Paris 2024)
Kings and Queens: King George V, Queen Elizabeth II, Pope John Paul II
Class numbers in old schools: Class V, Class VIII, Class X
Outlines and lists: I, II, III for main points; i, ii, iii for sub-points
Think About It: Next time you visit a historical monument like India Gate, Rashtrapati Bhavan, or Victoria Memorial in Kolkata, look for Roman numerals carved in the stone. They usually show the year the building was constructed!
The 7 Basic Symbols of Roman Numerals
The entire Roman numeral system uses only 7 symbols. Every Roman numeral from 1 to 1000 (and beyond) is written using combinations of these seven letters:
Roman Symbol
Hindu-Arabic Value
Name
I
1
One
V
5
Five
X
10
Ten
L
50
Fifty
C
100
One Hundred
D
500
Five Hundred
M
1000
One Thousand
Image needed: A colourful chart showing all 7 Roman numeral symbols (I, V, X, L, C, D, M) with their values. Each symbol in a large bold font inside a coloured circle or badge with the Hindu-Arabic value below. Arranged in ascending order left to right. Style: Clean flat illustration, bright colours, child-friendly, large bold letters Size: 800×300px
Easy Memory Trick
Remember the symbols in order using this sentence:
IValue Xtra Large Cakes Daily, Mummy!
(I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000)
Did You Know? There is no symbol for zero in Roman numerals! The Romans did not have a concept of zero. This is one reason why the Hindu-Arabic system (which has zero) is better for calculations.
Rules of the Roman Numeral System
Roman numerals follow strict rules. You must understand these rules to read and write Roman numerals correctly.
Rule 1: Repetition (Adding by Repeating)
Rule 1
A symbol can be repeated to add its value. Each repetition adds the value once more.
A symbol can be repeated a maximum of 3 times in a row.
Only I, X, C, and M can be repeated.
V, L, and D are NEVER repeated.
Examples:
II = 1 + 1 = 2
III = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
XX = 10 + 10 = 20
XXX = 10 + 10 + 10 = 30
CC = 100 + 100 = 200
CCC = 100 + 100 + 100 = 300
MM = 1000 + 1000 = 2000 (but this is beyond 1000)
Wrong: IIII (cannot repeat more than 3 times — use IV instead) Wrong: VV (V cannot be repeated — use X instead) Wrong: LL (L cannot be repeated — use C instead)
Rule 2: Addition (Smaller After Larger = Add)
Rule 2
When a smaller value symbol is placed after (to the right of) a larger value symbol, we add the values.
Examples:
VI = 5 + 1 = 6
VII = 5 + 1 + 1 = 7
VIII = 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 8
XI = 10 + 1 = 11
XV = 10 + 5 = 15
LX = 50 + 10 = 60
CX = 100 + 10 = 110
DC = 500 + 100 = 600
MC = 1000 + 100 = 1100 (beyond our range, but valid)
Rule 3: Subtraction (Smaller Before Larger = Subtract)
Rule 3
When a smaller value symbol is placed before (to the left of) a larger value symbol, we subtract the smaller from the larger.
This is used to avoid writing a symbol 4 times.
The 6 Subtraction Combinations:
IV = 5 − 1 = 4
IX = 10 − 1 = 9
XL = 50 − 10 = 40
XC = 100 − 10 = 90
CD = 500 − 100 = 400
CM = 1000 − 100 = 900
Rule 4: Only I, X, and C Can Be Subtracted
Rule 4
V, L, and D are NEVER used for subtraction.
Only I, X, and C can be placed before a larger symbol to subtract.
Wrong: VX (cannot subtract V from X — write 5 as V) Wrong: LC (cannot subtract L from C — write 50 as L) Wrong: DM (cannot subtract D from M — write 500 as D)
Rule 5: Subtraction Limits
Rule 5
I can only be subtracted from V (to make 4) and X (to make 9).
X can only be subtracted from L (to make 40) and C (to make 90).
C can only be subtracted from D (to make 400) and M (to make 900).
Wrong: IC (trying to write 99 as I before C) — this is INVALID! Correct: 99 = 90 + 9 = XC + IX = XCIX
Wrong: IM (trying to write 999 as I before M) — this is INVALID! Correct: 999 = 900 + 90 + 9 = CM + XC + IX = CMXCIX
Wrong: XM (trying to write 990 as X before M) — this is INVALID! Correct: 990 = 900 + 90 = CM + XC = CMXC
Rule 6: Reading Complex Numerals
Rule 6
When a smaller numeral appears between two larger numerals, it is subtracted from the one that follows it (the one on its right).
Read Roman numerals from left to right, applying subtraction only where a smaller symbol directly precedes a larger one.
Examples:
XIV = X + IV = 10 + (5−1) = 10 + 4 = 14
XIX = X + IX = 10 + (10−1) = 10 + 9 = 19
XLIV = XL + IV = (50−10) + (5−1) = 40 + 4 = 44
XCIX = XC + IX = (100−10) + (10−1) = 90 + 9 = 99
CDXLIX = CD + XL + IX = 400 + 40 + 9 = 449
Image needed: A visual diagram showing all 6 rules of Roman numerals. Use arrows and colour coding — green arrows for addition (smaller after larger), red arrows for subtraction (smaller before larger). Show examples: VI (add), IV (subtract), XXX (repeat). Include a "NEVER repeat" warning for V, L, D. Style: Educational diagram, colour-coded, child-friendly, labelled clearly Size: 800×500px
Roman Numerals — 1 to 20
Here is the complete table of Roman numerals from 1 to 20. Notice how the rules of addition and subtraction are applied:
Number
Roman
How It Works
Number
Roman
How It Works
1
I
One unit
11
XI
10 + 1
2
II
1 + 1
12
XII
10 + 1 + 1
3
III
1 + 1 + 1
13
XIII
10 + 1 + 1 + 1
4
IV
5 − 1 (subtraction)
14
XIV
10 + (5−1)
5
V
Basic symbol
15
XV
10 + 5
6
VI
5 + 1
16
XVI
10 + 5 + 1
7
VII
5 + 1 + 1
17
XVII
10 + 5 + 1 + 1
8
VIII
5 + 1 + 1 + 1
18
XVIII
10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1
9
IX
10 − 1 (subtraction)
19
XIX
10 + (10−1)
10
X
Basic symbol
20
XX
10 + 10
Pattern Alert: Notice that 4 and 9 use subtraction (IV, IX). Similarly, 14 and 19 also use subtraction (XIV, XIX). This pattern repeats at every level — 40 (XL), 90 (XC), 400 (CD), 900 (CM). Watch for it!
Roman Numerals — Tens (10 to 100)
The same addition and subtraction rules apply to tens. Here X plays the same role as I, and L and C play the roles of V and X at a higher level:
Number
Roman Numeral
How It Works
10
X
Basic symbol
20
XX
10 + 10 (repetition)
30
XXX
10 + 10 + 10 (repetition)
40
XL
50 − 10 (subtraction)
50
L
Basic symbol
60
LX
50 + 10 (addition)
70
LXX
50 + 10 + 10 (addition)
80
LXXX
50 + 10 + 10 + 10 (addition)
90
XC
100 − 10 (subtraction)
100
C
Basic symbol
Roman Numerals — Hundreds (100 to 1000)
At the hundreds level, C plays the same role as I and X. D and M play the roles of V and X at this higher level:
Number
Roman Numeral
How It Works
100
C
Basic symbol
200
CC
100 + 100 (repetition)
300
CCC
100 + 100 + 100 (repetition)
400
CD
500 − 100 (subtraction)
500
D
Basic symbol
600
DC
500 + 100 (addition)
700
DCC
500 + 100 + 100 (addition)
800
DCCC
500 + 100 + 100 + 100 (addition)
900
CM
1000 − 100 (subtraction)
1000
M
Basic symbol
The Pattern at Every Level
Notice how the pattern is identical at ones, tens, and hundreds:
Value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ones
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Tens
X
XX
XXX
XL
L
LX
LXX
LXXX
XC
Hundreds
C
CC
CCC
CD
D
DC
DCC
DCCC
CM
How to Convert Hindu-Arabic Numbers to Roman Numerals
To convert a number (like 849) to Roman numerals, follow this step-by-step method:
Step-by-Step Method
Step 1: Break the number into its place values (hundreds, tens, ones).
Step 2: Convert each part to Roman numerals separately.
Step 3: Write them together from left to right (largest to smallest).
Example 1: Convert 276 to Roman numerals.
Step 1: 276 = 200 + 70 + 6
Step 2: 200 = CC, 70 = LXX, 6 = VI
Step 3: CCLXXVI
Example 2: Convert 849 to Roman numerals.
Step 1: 849 = 800 + 40 + 9
Step 2: 800 = DCCC, 40 = XL, 9 = IX
Step 3: DCCCXLIX
Example 3: Convert 999 to Roman numerals.
Step 1: 999 = 900 + 90 + 9
Step 2: 900 = CM, 90 = XC, 9 = IX
Step 3: CMXCIX
Example 4: Convert 1000 to Roman numerals.
1000 = M. That is it! The simplest one.
Answer: M
Example 5: Convert 467 to Roman numerals.
Step 1: 467 = 400 + 60 + 7
Step 2: 400 = CD, 60 = LX, 7 = VII
Step 3: CDLXVII
Example 6: Convert 594 to Roman numerals.
Step 1: 594 = 500 + 90 + 4
Step 2: 500 = D, 90 = XC, 4 = IV
Step 3: DXCIV
How to Convert Roman Numerals to Hindu-Arabic Numbers
To convert a Roman numeral (like CDLXVIII) to a regular number, follow these steps:
Step-by-Step Method
Step 1: Write the value of each symbol below it.
Step 2: Compare each symbol with the one to its right.
Step 3: If a symbol is smaller than the one to its right → subtract it.
Step 4: If a symbol is equal to or larger than the one to its right → add it.
Step 5: Calculate the total.
Example 1: Convert CDLXVIII to Hindu-Arabic.
C=100, D=500, L=50, X=10, V=5, I=1, I=1, I=1
C < D → subtract C: −100 + 500 = 400
L, X, V, I, I, I → all add: 50 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 68
Total: 400 + 68 = 468
Example 2: Convert CMXCIX to Hindu-Arabic.
C=100, M=1000, X=10, C=100, I=1, X=10
C < M → subtract: −100 + 1000 = 900
X < C → subtract: −10 + 100 = 90
I < X → subtract: −1 + 10 = 9
Total: 900 + 90 + 9 = 999
Example 3: Convert DCCXXXIV to Hindu-Arabic.
D=500, C=100, C=100, X=10, X=10, X=10, I=1, V=5
D, C, C, X, X, X → all add (each is ≥ the one to its right): 500 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 730
I < V → subtract: −1 + 5 = 4
Total: 730 + 4 = 734
Example 4: Convert MCMLXIV to Hindu-Arabic.
M=1000, C=100, M=1000, L=50, X=10, I=1, V=5
M → add: 1000
C < M → subtract: −100 + 1000 = 900
L → add: 50
X → add: 10
I < V → subtract: −1 + 5 = 4
Total: 1000 + 900 + 50 + 10 + 4 = 1964 (beyond 1000 but shows the method!)
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Students often make these errors when writing Roman numerals. Learn them so you never make them!
Mistake
Why It Is Wrong
Correct Way
IIII for 4
I cannot be repeated more than 3 times
IV (5 − 1 = 4)
VV for 10
V can NEVER be repeated
X
LL for 100
L can NEVER be repeated
C
DD for 1000
D can NEVER be repeated
M
IC for 99
I can only be subtracted from V and X (not C)
XCIX (90 + 9)
IM for 999
I can only be subtracted from V and X (not M)
CMXCIX (900 + 90 + 9)
XM for 990
X can only be subtracted from L and C (not M)
CMXC (900 + 90)
VX for 5
V cannot be used for subtraction
V
IL for 49
I can only be subtracted from V and X (not L)
XLIX (40 + 9)
XXXX for 40
X cannot be repeated more than 3 times
XL (50 − 10)
Memory Tip: The subtraction rule ONLY works in these pairs: I with V and X, X with L and C, C with D and M. A symbol can only be subtracted from the next two symbols above it in the table — never from anything higher.
Roman Numerals in Real Life — Indian Context
Roman numerals appear in many places around India and the world. Here are some fascinating examples:
On Monuments and Buildings
India Gate, New Delhi: The year MCMXXXI (1931) is inscribed on the arch — the year it was completed.
Victoria Memorial, Kolkata: Built in MCMXXI (1921) — you can see Roman numeral dates on the foundation stone.
Parliament House: Many colonial-era buildings in India display years in Roman numerals.
Railway stations: Some old railway stations (like Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai) have Roman numeral dates carved in stone.
On Clocks and Watches
Many traditional clock faces use Roman numerals from I to XII.
Interesting fact: Some clock makers write 4 as IIII instead of IV on clocks. This is an old tradition to make the clock face look balanced — but in maths, IV is always correct.
In Books, Movies, and Sports
Book chapters: Chapter I, Chapter II, Chapter III...
Movie sequels: Baahubali II, Dhoom 3 (sometimes Roman: III), KGF Chapter II
Olympic Games: The 2024 Paris Olympics was the XXXIII (33rd) modern Olympic Games
Super Bowl: Super Bowl LVIII (58) in 2024
IPL seasons: Imagine if they used Roman numerals — IPL Season XVII (17)!
Historical Years in Roman Numerals
Event
Year
Roman Numeral
India Gate completed
1931
MCMXXXI
Indian Independence
1947
MCMXLVII
Indian Republic Day
1950
MCML
Chandrayaan-3 landing
2023
MMXXIII
Current year
2025
MMXXV
Image needed: A collage showing Roman numerals in real life — a clock face with Roman numerals, India Gate with MCMXXXI visible, a book showing "Chapter IV", and an Olympic rings logo with XXXIII. All labelled clearly with arrows pointing to the Roman numerals. Style: Photo-realistic collage style, labelled, child-friendly layout Size: 800×450px
Key Words
Term
Meaning
Roman Numeral
A number system using 7 letters (I, V, X, L, C, D, M) invented by ancient Romans
Hindu-Arabic Numeral
The number system we use daily (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
Repetition
Writing a symbol more than once to increase its value (max 3 times)
Addition Rule
When a smaller symbol follows a larger one, add them (VI = 5+1 = 6)
Subtraction Rule
When a smaller symbol comes before a larger one, subtract it (IV = 5−1 = 4)
Place Value
The value of a digit based on its position (units, tens, hundreds)
Convert
To change from one form to another (e.g., 49 → XLIX)
Key Points to Remember
There are only 7 symbols in Roman numerals: I(1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000).
I, X, C, M can be repeated up to 3 times. V, L, D are NEVER repeated.
Smaller after larger = ADD (VI = 6). Smaller before larger = SUBTRACT (IV = 4).
Only I, X, C can be used for subtraction. V, L, D are never subtracted.
I subtracts from V and X only. X subtracts from L and C only. C subtracts from D and M only.
There is no zero in the Roman numeral system.
To convert: break the number into hundreds + tens + ones, convert each part, then combine.
The largest number we can write using standard rules up to M is MMMCMXCIX = 3999.
Finished learning? Now test what you know!
🎯 Quick Quiz — Test Yourself!
Answer these questions right here. You get instant feedback — no paper needed!
Score: 0 / 8
1. What is the value of the Roman numeral L?
L = 50. (I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000)
2. Which Roman numeral equals 9?
9 = IX (1 before 10 means 10−1). XI would be 11.
3. What number is XLIV?
XL = 40, IV = 4, so XLIV = 44.
4. Which symbol can NEVER be repeated or subtracted?
V, L and D are never repeated and never used for subtraction.
5. Write XIV as a number:
X = 10, IV = 4, so XIV = 14.
6. Write 29 in Roman numerals:
29 = 20 + 9 = XX + IX = XXIX.
7. What number is XC?
XC = 100 − 10 = 90.
8. Write 400 in Roman numerals:
400 = 500 − 100 = CD.
Practice Questions
A. Write in Roman numerals:
1. 49 =
2. 94 =
3. 399 =
4. 576 =
5. 648 =
6. 876 =
7. 999 =
8. 444 =
B. Write in Hindu-Arabic numerals:
1. XIV =
2. XLIV =
3. XCIX =
4. CCLVI =
5. CDLXVIII =
6. DCCXLIII =
7. CMXCIX =
8. DCCCXCIV =
C. True or False:
1. V can be repeated to write 10.
2. The Roman numeral for 40 is XXXX.
3. IX means 10 − 1 = 9.
4. IC is the correct Roman numeral for 99.
5. The symbol for 500 is D.
D. Correct the wrong Roman numerals:
1. VV = 10 → Correct form:
2. IIII = 4 → Correct form:
3. IC = 99 → Correct form:
4. XM = 990 → Correct form:
5. LL = 100 → Correct form:
E. Compare using >, < or =
1. XIV XVI
2. XL XXXIX
3. CD CCCXCIX
4. CM DCCC
5. XLIX IL (trick question!)
F. Fill in the blanks (next in sequence):
1. XVIII, XIX, , XXI, XXII
2. XLVII, XLVIII, , L, LI
3. XCVIII, XCIX, , CI, CII
4. CCCXCVIII, CCCXCIX, , CDI, CDII
5. CMXCVIII, CMXCIX,
G. Choose the correct answer (MCQ):
1. Which of the following is the correct Roman numeral for 490?
a) XDb) CDXCc) CDXd) CCCCXC
2. What is the value of DCCCXLIV?
a) 854b) 844c) 944d) 644
3. Which symbol can NEVER be repeated?
a) Ib) Xc) Ld) C
4. The year of Indian Independence (1947) in Roman numerals is:
a) MCMXLVIIb) MDCCCCXLVIIc) MCMXXXXVIId) MXMXLVII
H. Word Problems:
1. Arjun's grandfather has an old clock on the wall. The clock shows the time as half past three. Write all the numbers on that clock face in Roman numerals (I to XII).
2. Meena is reading a history book. She is on Chapter XIV and wants to skip to Chapter XIX. How many chapters will she skip?
3. A monument was built in the year MCMXLVII. In which year was it built? What important event happened in India that year?
4. Ravi saw "Est. MCMLXXV" written on a shop. What year was the shop established? How old is the shop in 2025?
Roman Numeral Clock
Here is how a clock face looks with Roman numerals. Notice that each hour is represented by a Roman numeral from I to XII:
Image needed: A traditional clock face showing Roman numerals I through XII. The clock should show a clear time (e.g., 3:00). Each Roman numeral should be large and legible. Include labels showing "XII = 12 (top)", "III = 3 (right)", "VI = 6 (bottom)", "IX = 9 (left)". Style: Clean illustration of a round wall clock, traditional style with Roman numerals, colourful but realistic Size: 500×500px
Activity — Make a Roman Numeral Clock!
Create your own Roman numeral clock:
Take a large circular piece of cardboard or a paper plate.
Draw a circle and mark 12 equal positions around the edge.
Write the Roman numerals I to XII at each position (I at the top-right, going clockwise).
Remember: 4 should be written as IV (not IIII), and 9 as IX.
Add clock hands using cardboard strips and a paper fastener in the center.
Set different times and ask your friends to read the time!
Bonus Challenge: Ask your family members to give you any number between 1 and 1000. Convert it to Roman numerals as fast as you can! Keep score — how many can you do in 2 minutes?
Want to review the lesson again?
Mathematics
Roman Numerals — 1 to 1000
Class 5 | CBSE / NCERT / ICSE
Name: Class: Date:
Learning Objectives
Read and write Roman numerals from 1 to 1000
Understand the 7 basic symbols and their values
Apply rules of repetition, addition, and subtraction
Convert between Hindu-Arabic and Roman numerals
Identify common mistakes and avoid them
Recognise Roman numerals in real-life situations
Introduction
The ancient Romans created a number system using letters instead of digits. We still see Roman numerals today on clock faces, book chapters, monuments (India Gate has MCMXXXI = 1931), movie sequels, and Olympic Games. In Class 5, we learn Roman numerals from 1 to 1000.
The 7 Basic Symbols
Symbol
I
V
X
L
C
D
M
Value
1
5
10
50
100
500
1000
[Image: Chart showing 7 Roman numeral symbols (I, V, X, L, C, D, M) with their values in colourful badges]
Memory Trick:IValue Xtra Large Cakes Daily, Mummy! | No zero exists in Roman numerals.
Rules of Roman Numerals
Rule 1 — Repetition: I, X, C, M can repeat (max 3 times). V, L, D NEVER repeat.
II=2, III=3, XX=20, XXX=30, CC=200, CCC=300 | Wrong: IIII, VV, LL, DD
Rule 4: Only I, X, C can be subtracted. V, L, D never subtract. Rule 5: I subtracts from V, X only. X subtracts from L, C only. C subtracts from D, M only.
Wrong: IC(99), IM(999), XM(990), IL(49) | Correct: XCIX, CMXCIX, CMXC, XLIX
Rule 6: Smaller between two larger → subtract from the one following it.
XIV = 10 + (5−1) = 14 | XLIV = 40 + 4 = 44 | XCIX = 90 + 9 = 99
[Image: Rules diagram — green arrows for addition, red arrows for subtraction, examples of each rule]
Roman Numerals 1 to 20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
Tens (10 to 100)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
X
XX
XXX
XL
L
LX
LXX
LXXX
XC
C
Hundreds (100 to 1000)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
C
CC
CCC
CD
D
DC
DCC
DCCC
CM
M
The Pattern at Every Level
Value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ones
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Tens
X
XX
XXX
XL
L
LX
LXX
LXXX
XC
Hundreds
C
CC
CCC
CD
D
DC
DCC
DCCC
CM
Converting Hindu-Arabic → Roman Numerals
Method: Break into Hundreds + Tens + Ones → Convert each → Combine left to right.
[Image: Real-life Roman numerals — clock face, India Gate with MCMXXXI, book chapter, Olympic logo]
Key Words
Term
Meaning
Roman Numeral
Number system using 7 letters (I, V, X, L, C, D, M)
Hindu-Arabic
Our normal number system (0–9)
Repetition
Writing a symbol multiple times (max 3) to add value
Addition Rule
Smaller after larger = add (VI = 6)
Subtraction Rule
Smaller before larger = subtract (IV = 4)
Key Points:
• 7 symbols: I(1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000). No zero.
• I, X, C, M repeat (max 3). V, L, D never repeat.
• Smaller after larger = ADD. Smaller before larger = SUBTRACT.
• Only I, X, C can subtract. 6 pairs: IV, IX, XL, XC, CD, CM.
• Convert: break into 100s + 10s + 1s → convert each → combine.
Practice Questions
A. Write in Roman numerals:
1. 49 =
2. 94 =
3. 399 =
4. 576 =
5. 648 =
6. 876 =
7. 999 =
8. 444 =
B. Write in Hindu-Arabic numerals:
1. XIV =
2. XLIV =
3. XCIX =
4. CCLVI =
5. CDLXVIII =
6. DCCXLIII =
7. CMXCIX =
8. DCCCXCIV =
C. True or False:
1. V can be repeated to write 10.
2. The Roman numeral for 40 is XXXX.
3. IX means 10 − 1 = 9.
4. IC is the correct Roman numeral for 99.
5. The symbol for 500 is D.
D. Correct the wrong Roman numerals:
1. VV = 10 → Correct:
2. IIII = 4 → Correct:
3. IC = 99 → Correct:
4. XM = 990 → Correct:
5. LL = 100 → Correct:
E. Compare using >, < or =
1. XIV XVI
2. XL XXXIX
3. CD CCCXCIX
4. CM DCCC
5. XLIX IL (trick!)
F. Fill in the blanks (next in sequence):
1. XVIII, XIX, , XXI, XXII
2. XLVII, XLVIII, , L, LI
3. XCVIII, XCIX, , CI, CII
4. CCCXCVIII, CCCXCIX, , CDI, CDII
5. CMXCVIII, CMXCIX,
G. Choose the correct answer (MCQ):
1. Correct Roman numeral for 490?
a) XDb) CDXCc) CDXd) CCCCXC
2. Value of DCCCXLIV?
a) 854b) 844c) 944d) 644
3. Which symbol can NEVER be repeated?
a) Ib) Xc) Ld) C
4. Indian Independence (1947) in Roman:
a) MCMXLVIIb) MDCCCCXLVIIc) MCMXXXXVIId) MXMXLVII
H. Word Problems:
1. Arjun's clock shows Roman numerals I to XII. Write all 12 numbers.
2. Meena is on Chapter XIV and wants to skip to Chapter XIX. How many chapters will she skip?
3. A monument was built in MCMXLVII. What year? What event happened in India?
4. A shop says "Est. MCMLXXV". What year? How old is it in 2025?
Roman Numeral Clock
[Image: Clock face with Roman numerals I to XII, showing 3 o'clock]
Activity — Make a Roman Numeral Clock!
1. Take a paper plate or circular cardboard. 2. Mark 12 positions around the edge. 3. Write I to XII (use IV for 4, IX for 9). 4. Add clock hands with a fastener. 5. Set times and ask friends to read them!
Bonus: Get a number between 1–1000 from family members. Convert to Roman numerals as fast as you can!
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